第二部分　　閱讀判斷

第九篇                                           
   What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person’s mind and emotions.
Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud¹，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person’s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung² was once a student of Freud’s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person’s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.
Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.³ Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn’t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It’s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
詞匯：

psychologist / saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst / n．心理學家
psychiatrist /sai' kaiətrɪst/ n．精神病學家(醫生)
Austrian / ˈɔstrɪən / adj．奧地利的
gender / ˈdʒendə / n．性別

注釋：
1．Sigmund Freud西格蒙德•弗洛伊德（1856—1939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫生及精神分析學家。精神分析學派的創始人。他認為被壓抑的欲望絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有《性學三論》《夢的釋義》《圖騰與禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理學》《精神分析引論》《精神分析引論新編》等。
2．Carl Jung：卡爾•榮格，瑞士著名精神分析專家，分析心理學的創始人。
3．For example, the people in men’s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做夢會夢到男人，并且常與打斗有關；女人做夢與男人則不同。
練習：
1．Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
2．According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
3．Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
4．In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
5．According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
6．Men and women dream about different things.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
7．Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
答案與題解
1．A　這句話恰好表達了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理學家認為，人腦睡眠中的活動沒有特別意義；而有些人則認為，夢可以揭示人的思維和情感。
2．A　第三段的最后一句講的是弗洛伊德認為夢反映了人們在現實情況下害怕表達的情感、想法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。
3．B　第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（榮格認為夢的用途是向做夢者傳遞一個信息）He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（他認為人們通過思考所做的夢能夠更好地了解自己）。他給出了兩個例子來說明他的論點。
4．C　文中沒有提及。
5．A　依據第六段，Domhoff研究得出：嬰兒不像成人做那么多的夢，做夢是一種需要時間提高的技能。這就說明了嬰兒不具備成人做夢的能力。
6．A　本文第七段講述了做夢與性別的關系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的夢是不同的。
7．B　最后一段的倒數第二句講的是：夢可能會有意義，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定會發生。因而不能預測未來。
第十三篇                                               Stage Fright¹
Fall down as you come onstage. That’s an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,² Mr. Feltsman said, “ All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?”
Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.³
Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,⁴ to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don’t deny that you’re jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.
Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, “Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile,’’ she says. “And not one of these ‘please don’t kill me’ smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.” She doesn’t want performers to think of the audience as a judge.
Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.
When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought,‘ If I have to go through this to play music, I think I’m going to look for another job.”⁵ Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.⁶
It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz’s nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage,” Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.
Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when you’re scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don’t have any expectations,” Soprano June Anderson said. “There’s less to lose. Later on, when you’re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”
Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until I’ve sung my last note.”
詞匯：

veteran / ˈvetərən / adj．經驗豐富的
jittery / ˈdʒɪtəri / adj．緊張不安的
mentor / ˈmenˌtɔ: / n．指導者
soprano / səˈprprɑ:nəʊ / n．女高音；女高音歌手
cellist/ ˈtʃelɪst / n．大提琴演奏家
abdominal / æbˈdɔmənəl / adj．腹部的
fallible/ ˈfæləbəl / adj．易犯錯誤的
tenor /'tenə/ n．男高音

注釋：
1．Stage Fright：舞臺恐懼
2．The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic…資深大提琴家Mstislav Rostropovich故意把Vladimir Feltsman絆倒，因而治愈了他的上臺前的恐懼癥。cure somebody of something (illness, problem)：醫治好病（解決問題）
3．… its symptoms：icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind：舞臺恐懼的癥狀有手冰涼、身體顫抖、心跳加快和大腦一片空白。
4．Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out ：老師和心理學家提出了方方面面的建議，一些基礎知識，比如將演奏曲目爛熟于心…… inside out： in great detail詳細地，從里到外地
5．I came to a point where I thought，“If I have to go through this to play music, I think I’m going to look for another job. ”我曾經一度認為，如果搞音樂就必須經過克服舞臺恐懼這一關的話，這項工作不能做。
6．Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.不舞臺恐懼意味著提高謙卑感，即認識到不管你多有才，你也會出錯，一個有瑕疵的音樂會也絕對不是世界末日。
練習：
1．Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
2．There are many signs of stage fright.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
3．Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme -stage fright.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
4．To perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
5．If you have stage fright, it's helpful to have friendly audience.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
6．Often people have stage fright because parents or teachers expect too much of them.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
7．Famous musicians never suffer from stage fright.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
答案與題解：
1．B　本文第一段講的是鋼琴家Vladimir Feltsman被Mstislav Rostropovich絆倒后，他的舞臺恐懼被治愈了的故事。
2．A　第二段的最后一句點出舞臺恐懼的諸多癥狀為手冰涼、身體顫抖、心跳加快和大腦一片空白。
3．B　本文的第三、四、五、六段都在講老師和心理學家為舞臺恐懼者提供全方位的建議。
4．A　依據第三段的倒數第二句：some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing.(表演中激情是自然甚至是必要的）
5．C　第四段提到克服舞臺恐懼的方法之一是：在觀眾中選擇三位友好的面孔，與他們用眼光交流。所以克服舞臺恐懼要靠自己而不是指望所有的觀眾都友好。
6．A　第五段講了舞臺恐懼的根源在于指導者或父母對表演者要求太高。extreme demands就是expect too much of them的意思。
7．B　第七段講的是：不只年輕藝術家有舞臺恐懼癥，鋼琴家Vladimir Horowitz和男高音Franco Corelli亦不能幸免。Never一詞不恰當。
第十四篇                            Azeri Hills Hold Secret of Long Life
You can see for kilometers from the mountains where Allahverdi Ibadov herds his small flock of sheep amid a sea of yellow, red, and purple wildflowers. The view from Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan toward the Iranian border is spectacular, but Mr. Ibadov barely gives it a second glance.
Why should he? He’s been coming here nearly every day for 100 years.
According to his carefully preserved passport, Mr. Ibadov, whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler, is at least 105 years old. His wife, who died two years ago, was even older. They are among the dozens of people in this beautiful, isolated region who live extraordinarily long lives.
Mr. Ibadov’s eldest son has just turned 70. He lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has.¹ “I’m an old man now I look after the sheep, and I prepare the wood for winter. I still have something to do. “
A lifetime of toil, it seems, takes very few people to an early grave in this region. Scientists admit there appears to be something in the Azeri mountains that gives local people a longer, healthier life than most.
Miri Ismailov’s family in the tiny village of Tatoni are convinced that they know what it is. Mr. Ismailov is 110, his great-great-grandson is four. They share one proud boast: Neither has been to a doctor. “There are hundreds of herbs on the mountain, and we use them all in our cooking and for medicines”; explained Mr. Ismailov’s daughter, Elmira. “We know exactly what they can do. We are our own doctors.，’
There is one herb for high blood pressure，another for kidney stones，and a third for a hacking cough. They are carefully collected from the slopes surrounding the village. Experts from the Azerbaijan Academy of Science believe the herbs may be part of the answer. They have been studying longevity in this region for years. It began as a rare joint Soviet-American project in the 1980s，but these studies are not being funded any more.
Azeri scientists have isolated a type of saffron unique to the southern mountains as one thing that seems to increase longevity. Another plant, made into a paste, dramatically increases the amount of milk that animals are able to produce. “Now we have to examine these plants clinically to find out which substances have this effect,” said Chingiz Gassimov, a scientist at the academy.
The theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of Russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago.2 The Russians’ life span is much shorter than that of the indigenous mountain folk — though it is appreciably longer than that of their ancestors left behind in the Russian heartland.
“Over the decades，I believe local conditions have begun to have a positive effect on the new arrivals” , Professor Gassimov said. “It’s been slowly transferred down the generations.”
But Mr. Ismailov, gripping his stout wooden cane, has been around for too long to get overexcited. “There’s no secret,” he shrugged dismissively. “I look after the cattle and I eat well. Life goes on.”
詞匯：

herd / hə:d / vt．放牧
boast / bəust / vt．以有……而自豪
longevity / lɔnˈdʒeviti / n．長壽
Caucasus /丨ˈkɔ:kəsəs / n．高加索
Dismissively /dis'misivli/ adv．輕蔑地
spectacular / spekˈtækjulə / adj．壯觀的
hacking cough干咳
saffron / ˈsæfrən / n．藏紅花
indigenous / ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs / adj．本土的

注釋：
1．He lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has.他很久以前就數不清他有多少個孫輩孩子。lost count：弄不清楚，數不清
2．The theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of Russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the Caucasus 200 years ago.當地人已經具備長壽的遺傳素質，一組關于俄羅斯移民的研究證實了這一理論。他們的祖先在兩百年前被流放到高加索地區。genetic predisposition：遺傳素質
練習：
1．Amburdere is a city in Southern Azerbaijan.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
2．Allahverdi Ibadov does not know exactly how old he is.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
3．Mr. Ibadov can’t do any kind of work anymore.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
4．Miri Ismailov has never been to a doctor but his great-great-grandson has.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
5．People in this region enjoy a easy and rich life.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
6．Elmira Ismailov is a doctor who uses herbs as medicines.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
7．Scientists think people’s genes might affect how long they live.
A　Right                                   B　Wrong                               C　Not mentioned
答案與題解：
1．A　從第一段的第二句前半句The view from Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan toward the Iranian border is spectacular中的Amburdere in southern Azerbaijan可以看出，Amburdere在Azerbaijan的南部。
2．A　通過第三段的第一句中的Mr. Ibadov, whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler以及at least 105 years old可以斷定，連他自己也不知道他的確切年齡。
3．B　從第四段的Mr. Ibadov自己的敘述：“I’m an old man now I look after the sheep, and I prepare the wood for winter. I still have something to do. ”可以看出，Ibadov仍舊在勞作。
4．B　第六段講的是Miri Ismailov一家人都住在一個小山村里，他110歲，他的玄孫4歲，他們有同一個引以為豪的事：都沒有看過醫生。本句說Ismailov沒有看過醫生，而他的玄孫看過醫生。
5．C　句的意思是：這個地區的人們生活無憂無慮且富足。本文雖然提到這個地區的人們身體健康且長壽，但沒有提及他們的生活情況。
6．B　第六段和第七段雖然講我們是我們自己的醫生，這是一個比喻，意思是我們不用醫生，我們吃的東西（山上的植物）具有保健作用。所以Elmira的職業不是醫生。
7．A　本句的意思是：科學家們認為，基因可能影響人們的壽命。第九段的第一句所表達的意思與本句相符：當地人具備了長壽的遺傳素質（genetic predisposition)，他們具有長壽基因。
第五部分　　補全短文
第四篇                                              The Bilingual Brain
When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea’s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.¹ As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. ____1____ They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.
The researchers used an instrument called an MRI² (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. ____2____. The other consisted of people who， like Kim，learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn’t speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.
Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - Broca's area³, which is believed to control speech production, and Wernicke’s area³, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. ____3____
People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca’s area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca’s area for their second language. ____4____ Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.
A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. ____5____
詞匯：

immigrate / ˈɪmɪˌgreɪt / vt．使移居入境
scanner / ˈskænə / n．掃描儀
bilingual / baɪˈlɪŋgw(ə) l / adj．具備雙語能力的
 
neuroscientist /'njʊərəʊ'saɪəntɪst / n.神經系統科學家
unique / ju:ˈni:k / adj.獨特的
disrupt / disˈrʌpt /使中斷

注釋：
1．Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.現在他說一口流利的英語，并且有一獨特的機會來審視我們的大腦是如何適應第二語言的。adapt to：適應
2．MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)：磁共振成像
3．Bmca’s area：布洛卡區，也譯為布羅卡區是大腦的一區，它主管語言訊息的處理、話語的產生。與Wernicke’s area共同形成語言系統。布若卡區與韋尼克區通常位于腦部的優勢半腦(通常位于左側），這是由于大多數人(97%)是右利的緣故。1861年法國神經學家兼外科醫生保羅。布羅卡（Paul Broca，1824—1880)對一些失語癥患者進行研究及治療時發現此一區域，位于大腦皮層額下回后部的44、45區，故以其發現者的名字命名為布羅卡區。
練習：
A　But their use of Broca’s area was different.
B　One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.
C　How does Hirsch explain this difference?
D　We use special parts of the brain for language learning.
E　And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.
F　Their work led to an important discovery.
答案與題解：
1．F　根據本空的后一句：They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.其中they found evidence與discovery相呼應。
2．B　依據本空的后一句The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their second language later in life. one. . . the other是一固定搭配，用來比較同類事物。
3．A　整段講的是Kim他們對大腦的兩個語言中心的分析，得出兩組被試都用Wernicke’s area中同一地帶，緊接著該談被試們使用Broca’s area的情況。
4．C　本段的開頭談到孩子學習第一和第二語言都用Broca’s area相同的地帶；而成人學習第二語言時使用Broca’s area不同的地帶。后面都是Hirsch對這一現象的解釋；He believes…根據上下文C是恰當的。
5．E　該句是全文的結束語。本段前兩句都講成年人與小孩習得語言的不同，Hirsch認為，母親教小孩說話用不同于成人的方法，比如用觸摸、聲音和情景。Different是一關鍵詞，所以，我們在中學和大學課堂學語言的方法和母親教孩子的方法是不同的。
第十篇                              How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear
Most people think of Beethoven’s hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.
This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity¹, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. ____1____. In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.
Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to “hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.
____2____. He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months: “my former musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldn’t differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.² After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these play backs, to ‘ hear’ music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. ”
How is it that the world we see，touch，hear，and smell is both “out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant³. ____3____. However, it might be possible to use the brain’s remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.
When Michael Edgar first “switched on” his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example, “The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”
The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.⁴ ____4____. He said, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ‘ clarity’ to hearing in my head.⁵”
Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect，but which can change their lives. ____5____. Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.
詞匯：

obstacle / ˈɔbstək(ə)l /n．障礙
biographer / baiˈɔɡrəfə / n．傳記作者
insistent / ɪnˈsɪst(ə)nt / adj．連續的
adversity / ædˈv ə:sɪtɪ / n．逆境；不幸
fascinate / ˈfæsɪneɪt / vt. 使著迷，使神魂顛倒
accompaniment / əˈkʌmp(ə)nim(ə)nt / n. 伴奏

注釋：
1．the triumph of will over adversity：the successful overcoming of difficulty through determination用意志力成功戰勝不幸
2．I couldn’t differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.我不能分辨我聽到的和真實的聲音有什么不同。
3．cochlear implant：a device, surgically placed in the ear, that changes sounds into electric signals人工耳蝸；耳蝸植入
4．But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.但是，如果碰到鐘愛的音樂，人工耳蝸沒有任何幫助。（我不用人工耳蝸就能聽出來）
5．The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added “clarity” to hearing in my head.由于我手指在鋼琴上的飛動，我能感覺到琴鍵，因而使我聽到的東西在腦海里更加清晰。
練習：
A　No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.
B　When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.
C　Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant.
D　Michael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of 21.
E　Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.
F　Solomon argues that Beethoven’s deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.
答案與題解：
1．F　本段的開頭講：貝多芬的例子是一個意志力戰勝耳聾的極好的例子。但是，他的傳記作家Maynard Solomon卻持不同的意見。貝多芬的耳聾不是一種災難；相反，對他成為作曲家起到了促進作用。后一句解釋了耳聾如何使貝多芬更好地創作。
2．D　該句是本段的開頭，根據后一句：他描述了在三個月之內發生的奇妙的現象：我先前的音樂經歷開始在我的腦海里回放。再有后一句的what I heard and real hearing可以判定D是恰當的。
3．A　依據前一句：只有人工耳蝸才能使外部刺激和內心感知聯系起來（耳聾的人通過人工耳蝸聽到外部的聲音）。人工耳蝸就是一種man-made device，后一句也是在講人工耳蝸的功能。所以A是對的。
4．B　依據后一句的play the piano呼應When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano，可以斷定答案為B。
5．C　前一句講人工耳蝸的作用：它能使耳聾的人聽到聲音，盡管不完美，但改變了他們的生活；Still表示轉折，該句承上啟下，雖然人工耳蝸能幫助耳聾的人，但談到音樂的韻律時，聽力是不相關的（聽力不起作用）。所以后一句講貝多芬在他生命的最后時刻創作第九交響樂時，無論多么完美的人工耳蝸對他來說都沒有用。
第十四篇                                           A Memory Drug?
IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug. ____1____ Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.¹
Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP² and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. ____2____ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors，more LTP，and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout³, recognizing familiar objects，and recalling a fear-inducing shock.
If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments. ____3____ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don’t have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life?
____4____ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory，such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers’ names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?
Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can’t.⁴ The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience?⁵ ____5____
詞匯：

tantalizing / ˈtæntəlaɪzɪŋ / adj．誘人的
synaptic / sɪˈnæptɪk / adj．(解剖學）突觸的
steroid / ˈstɪərɔɪd / n．類固醇                       
onslaught / ˈɔnslɔ:t / n．大量
lucrative / ˈlu:krətɪv / adj．有利可圖的
hit /hit / n．(演出等）成功