MBA專業術語匯總
 
A
 
Ability-to-pay principle 能力納稅原則
The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
 
Absolute advantage 絕對優勢
The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
 
Aggregate-demand curve 總需求曲線
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price level
 
Aggregate-supply curve 總供給曲線
A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level
 
Appreciation 升值
An increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy
 
Automatic stabilizers 自動穩定器
Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action
 
Average fixed cost 平均固定成本
Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
 
Average revenue 平均收益
Total revenue divided by the quantity sold
 
Average tax rate 平均稅率
Total taxes paid divided by total income
 
Average total cost 平均總成本
Total cost divided by the quantity of output
 
Average variable cost 平均可變成本
Variables costs divided by the quantity of output  
 
Accelerator 加速數
the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future; the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy
 
Acquired endowments 后天稟賦
resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population
 
Adaptive expectations 適應性預期
expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future
 
aggregate expenditures schedule 總支出曲線
a curve that traces out the relationship between expenditures--the sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exports--and the national income, at a fixed price level
 
antitrust laws 反托拉斯法
laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater competition
 
arbitrage 套利
the process by which assets with comparable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield comparable expected returns
 
adverse selection 逆向選擇
principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all
 
asset 資產
any item that is long-lived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it
 
assistance in kind 實物援助
public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash
 
asymmetric information 信息不對稱
a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyer
 
autonomous consumption 自主消費
that part of consumption that does not depend on income
 
average costs 平均成本
the total costs divided by the total output
 
average productivity 平均產量
total quantity divided by the total quantity of input
 
 
B
 
 Benefits principle 受益原則
 The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services
 
 Bond 債券
 A certificate of indebtedness
 
 Budget constraint 預算約束
 The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford
 
 Budget deficit 預算赤字
 An excess of government spending over government receipts
 
 Budget surplus 預算盈余
 An excess of government receipts over government spendin
 
 barriers to entry 進入障礙
 factors that prevent firms from entering a market, such as government rules or patents
 
 basic competitive model 基本競爭模型
 the model of the economy that pulls together the assumptions of self-interested consumers, profit maximizing firms, and perfectly competitive markets
 
 bequest savings motive 儲蓄的遺產動機
 people save so that they can leave an inheritance to their children
 
 Bertrand competition 伯特蘭競爭
 an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are committed to keeping their prices fixed and that customers can be lured away by offering lower prices
 
 bilateral trade 雙邊貿易
 trade between two parties
 
 boom 繁榮
 a period of time when resources are being fully used and GDP is growing steadily  
 
C
 
Capital 資本
The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services
 
Capital flight 資本外流
A large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country
 
Cartel 卡特爾
A group of firms acting in unison
 
Catch-up effect 追趕效應
The property that countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich
 
Central bank 中央銀行
An institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy
 
Ceteris paribus 其它條件相同
A Latin phrase, translated as 'other things being equal,' used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant
 
Circular-flow diagram 循環流向圖
A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms
 
Classical dichotomy 古典二分法
The theoretical separation of nominal and real variables
 
Closed economy 封閉經濟
An economy that does not interact with other economies in the world
 
Coase theorem 科斯定理
The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
 
Collective bargaining 集體談判
The process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment
 
Collusion 勾結
An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge
 
Commodity money 商品貨幣
Money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value
 
Common resources 共有資源
Goods that are rival but not excludable
 
Comparable worth 同工同酬
A doctrine according to which jobs deemed comparable should be paid the same wage
 
Comparative advantage 比較優勢
The comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost
 
Compensating wage differential 補償性工資差別
A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs
 
Competitive market 競爭市場
A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker
 
Complements 互補品
Two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other good
 
Constant returns to scale 規模收益不變
The property that long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes
 
Consumer price index 消費物價指數
A measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer
 
Consumer surplus 消費者剩余
A buyer's willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays
 
Consumption 消費
Spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing
 
Cost 成本
The value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good
 
Cost-benefit analysis 成本—收益分析
A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good
 
Crowding-out effect 擠出效應The offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raises the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending
 
Currency 通貨
The paper bills and coins in the hands of the public
 
Cyclical unemployment 周期性失業
The deviation of unemployment from its natural rate
 
capital gain 資本增值
the increase in the value of an asset between the time it is purchased and the time it is sold
 
capital market 資本市場
the market in which savings are made available to investors
 
categorical assistance 分類幫助
public assistance aimed at a particular category of people, like the elderly or the disabled
 
causation 因果關系
relationship that results when an change in one variable is not only correlated with but actually causes the change in another one
 
central planning 中央計劃